What Are the Symptoms of Skin Cancer? Early Signs to Watch For
Skin cancer is one of the most common and potentially preventable forms of cancer. Recognising the early symptoms is crucial for timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Whether you have a fair complexion, a family history of skin cancer, or simply spend a lot of time in the sun, knowing what to look for can save your life.
In this guide, we explain the common signs and symptoms of the different types of skin cancer and when you should consult a healthcare professional.
What is Skin Cancer?
Skin cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the skin’s layers, often due to long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. While some forms are easily treatable, others can spread rapidly if ignored.
The three main types of skin cancer include:
- Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
- Melanoma
Each type has distinct warning signs, and understanding these can help detect cancer in its early stages.
Common Symptoms of Skin Cancer
The symptoms of skin cancer depend on the type and location. Here are general indicators you should never ignore:
- New growths or sores that don’t heal
- Changes in existing moles or skin spots
- Itching, bleeding, or scabbing lesions
- Unusual lumps or rough patches on the skin
- Pain or tenderness in a particular skin area
Symptoms of Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type but rarely spreads. It usually appears on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, neck, and shoulders.
Signs include:
- A pearly or waxy bump
- A flat, flesh-coloured or brown scar-like lesion
- A bleeding or scabbing sore that keeps returning
- Visible blood vessels in or around a lesion
Symptoms of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Squamous cell carcinoma often develops on sun-exposed areas but can appear in scars, ulcers, or other damaged skin.
Common symptoms include:
- A firm, red nodule or bump
- A rough, scaly patch that may crust or bleed
- A sore that doesn’t heal or reopens
- Itching, pain, or tenderness in the lesion
Symptoms of Melanoma
Melanoma is the most dangerous form of skin cancer because it can spread rapidly to internal organs. It often appears as a new mole or a change in an existing mole.
Use the ABCDE rule to check moles:
- A – Asymmetry: One half is unlike the other
- B – Border: Irregular, ragged, or blurred edges
- C – Colour: Varies in shades of brown, black, or includes red, white, or blue
- D – Diameter: Larger than 6mm (about the size of a pencil eraser)
- E – Evolving: Changes in shape, size, colour, or texture
Other warning signs of melanoma include:
- A mole that becomes painful, itchy, or starts to bleed
- A dark streak under a fingernail or toenail
- A spot that looks different from others (“ugly duckling sign”)
Less Common Types and Symptoms
There are rare skin cancers with unique symptoms. These include:
Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Fast-growing, firm nodules that are red or purple, often on the face or scalp.
Kaposi Sarcoma
Red or purple patches on the skin, often linked to people with weakened immune systems (e.g. HIV/AIDS patients).
Cutaneous T-cell Lymphoma
Patchy, itchy, scaly lesions often mistaken for eczema or psoriasis.
When Should You See a Doctor?
You should consult a dermatologist or GP if you notice any of the following:
- A new mole or lesion that looks unusual
- A mole or bump that changes over time
- A sore that won’t heal within three weeks
- Persistent itching, bleeding, or crusting on a skin spot
Early detection is critical. Skin cancers caught in the early stages have a much higher survival rate. In the UK, the five-year survival rate for early-stage melanoma is about 99%.
Self-Examination Tips
Performing a monthly skin self-exam helps catch changes early. Here’s how:
- Use a full-length mirror and hand mirror in good lighting
- Check your face, neck, ears, and scalp
- Inspect arms, hands, underarms, chest, and torso
- Examine the back, buttocks, legs, soles of feet, and between toes
- Don’t forget fingernails and toenails
Take photos to monitor changes and always report suspicious spots to your GP or dermatologist.
Real-Life Story
Danielle, a 28-year-old from Glasgow, noticed a mole on her thigh becoming darker and itchy. Despite initial hesitation, she saw a dermatologist who diagnosed early-stage melanoma. Quick surgical removal ensured full recovery. Now, Danielle is an advocate for monthly skin checks.
Common Misconceptions
- “It’s just a mole—it’s harmless.” Not always. Any mole that changes should be checked.
- “Dark-skinned people don’t get skin cancer.” False. Skin cancer can affect all skin tones, though detection may be delayed.
- “Skin cancer is always easy to spot.” Some skin cancers are subtle and may mimic other skin conditions.
How Is Skin Cancer Diagnosed?
- Visual examination: Dermatologist checks for suspicious lesions
- Dermatoscopy: A special magnifying device to examine the skin closely
- Biopsy: A small tissue sample is sent to a lab for confirmation
Can You Prevent Skin Cancer?
While not all cases are preventable, you can significantly reduce your risk with simple steps:
- Use sunscreen with SPF 30+ daily
- Avoid tanning beds
- Wear protective clothing and sunglasses
- Limit sun exposure during peak hours (11 a.m. – 3 p.m.)
- Do monthly self-checks and yearly dermatologist visits
Conclusion
Knowing the symptoms of skin cancer can make all the difference. With early detection, most skin cancers are treata