What is the Cause of Skin Cancer?
Skin cancer is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. While it can often be treated successfully when detected early, prevention remains the best approach. Understanding what causes skin cancer is essential for protecting your skin and maintaining long-term health. This article explores the leading causes, risk factors, and prevention methods for skin cancer, specifically for those in the UK and similar regions.
Understanding Skin Cancer
Skin cancer occurs when abnormal skin cells grow uncontrollably. These cells can form in various layers of the skin and are typically classified into three main types:
- Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): Most common and least dangerous.
- Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): Can spread if not treated promptly.
- Melanoma: The most dangerous and potentially life-threatening.
What Are the Main Causes of Skin Cancer?
1. Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the number one cause of skin cancer. The sun’s UV rays penetrate the skin and can damage DNA in skin cells. Over time, this damage accumulates and can lead to mutations that cause cancer.
Sources of UV radiation include:
- Sunlight (UVA and UVB rays)
- Sunbeds and tanning lamps
People living in sunny climates or those who spend a lot of time outdoors are at higher risk, especially without proper skin protection.
2. Genetics and Family History
If someone in your family has had skin cancer, you may also be at risk. Some people inherit genes that make them more susceptible to developing melanoma or other skin cancers.
3. Fair Skin and Hair
People with light skin, red or blond hair, and blue or green eyes are more vulnerable to UV damage due to lower melanin levels, which naturally protect against the sun.
4. Weakened Immune System
Individuals with compromised immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients or those with HIV/AIDS, are more likely to develop skin cancer because their bodies cannot efficiently repair damaged cells.
5. Exposure to Toxic Substances
Certain substances—such as arsenic, coal tar, and some industrial chemicals—can increase the risk of skin cancer with prolonged exposure. These are more commonly encountered in specific occupational settings.
6. History of Sunburns
Experiencing blistering sunburns, particularly during childhood or adolescence, significantly increases your risk of melanoma later in life.
7. Moles and Skin Abnormalities
People with many moles or unusual types of moles (dysplastic nevi) are at an increased risk of developing melanoma. Regular monitoring is key to early detection.
Other Contributing Factors
- Age – Risk increases with age, though melanoma is also common in younger adults.
- Gender – Men are generally more likely to develop skin cancer, particularly on the face and back.
- Radiation therapy – Previous radiation exposure for other treatments can increase skin cancer risk.
Skin Cancer in the UK: Specific Considerations
Though the UK does not have the intense sunlight of tropical regions, skin cancer rates remain high due to behaviours such as sunbathing abroad, using sunbeds, and not using sunscreen. Over 100,000 new skin cancer cases are diagnosed each year in the UK, making education and prevention crucial.
Prevention Tips
While you cannot change your genetics, many skin cancer risks are preventable. Here are practical ways to reduce your risk:
- Wear sunscreen: Use SPF 30 or higher, and reapply every 2 hours when outdoors.
- Seek shade: Especially between 11am and 3pm when the sun is strongest.
- Wear protective clothing: Wide-brimmed hats, sunglasses, and long sleeves help reduce exposure.
- Avoid tanning beds: These are directly linked to increased cancer risk.
- Check your skin regularly: Look for new or changing moles and consult a dermatologist.
When to See a Doctor
Consult a healthcare provider if you notice:
- A new mole or spot that changes shape or colour
- Bleeding, itching, or non-healing sores
- Any unusual changes in your skin’s texture or tone
Example Case
Helen, a 45-year-old teacher from Manchester, noticed a dark mole on her back that started to itch. She visited a GP, and it was diagnosed early as melanoma. With timely treatment, she made a full recovery. Her story underlines the importance of self-checks and early intervention.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
- Is skin cancer always caused by sun exposure? Not always. Genetics and chemical exposure can also play roles.
- Can dark-skinned people get skin cancer? Yes, although their risk is lower, they can still develop it—often diagnosed later.
- Is skin cancer curable? Yes, especially when detected early.
Final Thoughts
Skin cancer is a serious but largely preventable disease. By understanding its causes and taking protective steps, you can reduce your risk significantly. Regular skin checks, sunscreen, and awareness are your first line of defence.
Learn more about skin health:
Always consult with a healthcare provider if you have concerns about your skin. Early detection can save lives.