What Is IVF and How Does It Work?
In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) has transformed the way couples struggling with infertility build families. It offers a ray of hope to those who have tried and failed to conceive naturally. But how exactly does this complex yet miraculous process work?
This guide will walk you through everything you need to know about IVF: the step-by-step process, success rates, who it's for, associated risks, and more.
Understanding IVF: What Is It?
IVF, or In Vitro Fertilisation, is an assisted reproductive technology (ART) where eggs and sperm are combined outside the body in a lab. Once fertilisation occurs, the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus.
The term “in vitro” means “in glass,” referring to the laboratory petri dish where fertilisation takes place.
Who Needs IVF?
IVF is commonly recommended for:
- Couples with unexplained infertility
- Women with blocked or damaged fallopian tubes
- Men with low sperm count or motility
- Couples with genetic disorders
- Women with endometriosis
- Older women with age-related infertility
- Same-sex couples or single individuals using donor eggs or sperm
Step-by-Step IVF Process
1. Ovulation Stimulation
The woman is given hormone injections to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs instead of the one egg typically released during a normal cycle.
2. Monitoring and Egg Retrieval
Through blood tests and ultrasounds, the doctor monitors follicle development. Once mature, eggs are retrieved using a needle inserted through the vaginal wall under ultrasound guidance.
3. Sperm Collection and Preparation
The male partner provides a semen sample, which is then processed to extract the healthiest sperm for fertilisation. In cases of severe male infertility, sperm may be surgically extracted.
4. Fertilisation
The sperm and eggs are combined in a petri dish. In some cases, ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection) is used, where a single sperm is injected directly into an egg.
5. Embryo Culture
The fertilised eggs (embryos) are cultured in the lab for 3–5 days while being monitored for quality and development.
6. Embryo Transfer
One or more healthy embryos are selected and transferred into the woman’s uterus using a thin catheter. This step is painless and does not usually require anaesthesia.
7. Pregnancy Test
About 10–14 days after the embryo transfer, a blood test is conducted to confirm pregnancy.
Success Rates of IVF
IVF success depends on several factors including age, underlying fertility issues, lifestyle, and the clinic’s expertise. Here are average success rates:
- Women under 35: ~40–50%
- Women 35–37: ~35%
- Women 38–40: ~25%
- Women over 40: ~10–15%
Freezing embryos, using donor eggs, or multiple cycles can improve chances over time.
Risks and Side Effects
- Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)
- Multiple pregnancies (twins/triplets)
- Emotional and financial stress
- Cramping, bloating, or bleeding
- Birth defects (slightly increased risk)
Cost of IVF Treatment
IVF is often expensive. In the US, one cycle may cost between $12,000 and $15,000, excluding medications or additional services like ICSI or embryo freezing.
Real-Life Example
Emma and Tom, a couple in their early 30s, struggled with unexplained infertility for 3 years. After two failed IUIs, they turned to IVF. On their second cycle, they successfully conceived their daughter, now a healthy 2-year-old. Emma describes IVF as “emotionally draining but incredibly worth it.”
Tips to Improve IVF Success
- Maintain a healthy weight and balanced diet
- Avoid alcohol, smoking, and excessive caffeine
- Manage stress through yoga or meditation
- Follow all instructions regarding medication timing
- Discuss the best embryo transfer strategy with your doctor
IVF Alternatives
- IUI (Intrauterine Insemination)
- Fertility drugs
- Donor eggs/sperm
- Surrogacy
- Adoption
FAQs About IVF
Q: Is IVF painful?
A: Most procedures are relatively painless. Egg retrieval may involve mild discomfort. Embryo transfer is typically pain-free.
Q: How many embryos are transferred?
A: Usually 1–2 to minimise the risk of multiple pregnancies. The decision depends on age, embryo quality, and previous IVF outcomes.
Q: Can IVF guarantee a baby?
A: No, IVF increases your chances of pregnancy, but success isn’t guaranteed. Some may need multiple cycles.
Q: Is bed rest needed after embryo transfer?
A: Light activity is fine. Prolonged bed rest is not necessary and may even hinder success.
Q: Can I work during IVF?
A: Yes, but you may need to take time off for procedures or recovery. Inform your employer if necessary.
Conclusion
IVF can be emotionally challenging, physically demanding, and financially straining—but for many, it’s also the most successful path to parenthood. With the right support, clinic, and mindset, IVF can turn the dream of having a baby into reality.
For related content on fertility and IVF, check out our health and wellness section.
