Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD): What You Need to Know
Pre-Implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a scientific advancement that allows prospective parents undergoing IVF to screen embryos for genetic disorders before implantation. For many families with a history of inherited conditions, PGD offers hope, control, and peace of mind.
🧬 What Is PGD?
PGD is a laboratory procedure used during In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) that tests embryos for specific genetic or chromosomal abnormalities. Only embryos without these abnormalities are selected for transfer to the uterus, reducing the risk of passing on genetic diseases.
🔄 How Does the PGD Process Work?
- IVF Cycle: Eggs are retrieved and fertilized with sperm in a lab.
- Embryo Biopsy: A few cells are taken from each embryo (usually on day 5).
- Genetic Testing: The cells are tested for known mutations or chromosomal abnormalities.
- Embryo Selection: Healthy embryos are chosen for implantation.
👨👩👧 Who Should Consider PGD?
- Couples with a history of genetic disorders (e.g., cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease)
- Women over 35 concerned about chromosomal abnormalities
- Couples with recurrent pregnancy loss or failed IVF attempts
- Carriers of balanced chromosomal translocations
📈 Benefits of PGD
- Reduces the risk of passing on serious inherited conditions
- Improves success rates in IVF by selecting healthier embryos
- Helps avoid emotionally and physically taxing selective abortions
- Provides clarity and confidence for high-risk couples
⚠️ Risks and Limitations
- Embryo damage during biopsy (rare with experienced labs)
- False negatives/positives in test results
- Ethical concerns around embryo selection
- High costs—PGD adds significantly to IVF expenses
💬 Ethical Considerations
PGD raises complex ethical questions, especially around embryo selection for non-medical traits. While it helps prevent serious disease, concerns about “designer babies” and genetic discrimination remain hot topics in medical ethics.
📊 Success Rates and Accuracy
PGD is over 95% accurate in detecting most known single-gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities. It does not, however, guarantee pregnancy or eliminate all genetic risks.
🔗 Related Reads from Ichhori
🧠 Final Thoughts
PGD is a powerful tool that can significantly reduce the likelihood of inherited genetic disorders. It’s especially valuable for couples at high genetic risk or those with a history of unsuccessful pregnancies. However, the decision to undergo PGD should be made with thorough counseling from medical professionals, balancing its benefits, costs, and ethical implications.