What Is Bacterial Vaginosis? What Women Should Know
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection among women of reproductive age. It happens when the balance of vaginal bacteria—particularly Lactobacilli—is disrupted, allowing overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.
Symptoms
- Thin white, gray, or greenish discharge
- Strong “fishy” odor, often after intercourse
- Mild itching or burning, especially during urination
- Sometimes no symptoms — about half of cases are asymptomatic :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}
Risk Factors
- Douching or use of scented vaginal products
- New or multiple sexual partners
- Use of an intrauterine device (IUD)
- Smoking :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Pelvic exam and medical history review
- Microscopy of vaginal discharge to detect “clue cells”
- Vaginal pH testing and "whiff test" (odor test using KOH) :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}
Treatment & Prevention
- First-line antibiotics: metronidazole or clindamycin (oral or vaginal)
- Alternative agents: tinidazole, secnidazole, intravaginal boric acid or dequalinium chloride in some regions
- High recurrence rate—combining antibiotics with probiotics (especially lactobacilli) may help reduce recurrence :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}
- Avoiding risk behaviors: no douching, limiting perfumed products, safer sexual practices
Complications
- Increased susceptibility to STIs, including HIV
- Higher risk of premature birth or miscarriage in pregnancy
- Possible negative outcomes in IVF or pregnancy implantation if untreated :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}
Summary
Bacterial vaginosis is a common but often silent condition caused by a shift in vaginal microbiota. When symptomatic, it typically involves odorous discharge and mild irritation. Proper diagnosis, timely antibiotic treatment, lifestyle modifications, and possibly probiotics can manage symptoms and reduce recurrence.
