Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a rare yet aggressive form of breast cancer that accounts for roughly 10–15% of all breast cancer cases. Unlike other types, TNBC lacks three common receptors — oestrogen, progesterone, and HER2 — which makes it more difficult to treat with standard hormonal or targeted therapies.
Understanding the Basics of TNBC
In breast cancer diagnoses, lab testing usually checks for hormone receptors and proteins that can influence treatment. Most breast cancers are hormone receptor-positive or HER2-positive, but triple-negative breast cancer is different. It tests negative for all three:
- Oestrogen receptors (ER)
- Progesterone receptors (PR)
- Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)
This means TNBC does not respond to common treatments like tamoxifen or trastuzumab (Herceptin).
Who is Most at Risk?
TNBC can affect anyone, but some people have a higher risk:
- Women under 40 years of age
- Black or African American women
- Those with BRCA1 gene mutations
Symptoms of Triple Negative Breast Cancer
The symptoms of TNBC are similar to other types of breast cancer and may include:
- A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm area
- Changes in breast size or shape
- Nipple inversion or discharge
- Skin dimpling or redness
If you notice any of these signs, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional immediately.
Diagnosis and Testing
To diagnose TNBC, doctors typically perform:
- Mammograms
- Breast ultrasounds
- Biopsy with immunohistochemistry to confirm receptor status
Once diagnosed, additional imaging may be done to check for spread (metastasis).
Treatment Options for TNBC
Treatment for TNBC often requires a multi-pronged approach because it lacks the three major receptors that respond to hormonal therapy or HER2-targeted drugs.
- Surgery: Lumpectomy or mastectomy to remove the tumour
- Chemotherapy: Often the first line of treatment, especially for early-stage TNBC
- Radiation: To destroy residual cancer cells post-surgery
- Immunotherapy: Drugs like atezolizumab and pembrolizumab have shown promise in recent trials
Survival Rates
TNBC has lower survival rates compared to hormone-positive cancers due to its aggressive nature and higher chance of recurrence. However, early detection significantly improves outcomes:
- 5-year survival rate (localised): ~91%
- 5-year survival rate (regional spread): ~65%
- 5-year survival rate (distant metastasis): ~12%
Living with TNBC
Living with TNBC can be physically and emotionally challenging. Support from healthcare providers, mental health professionals, and survivor communities is vital. Consider these self-care strategies:
- Nutrition and exercise
- Therapy or counselling
- Joining support groups
- Keeping up with follow-up scans and appointments
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is triple-negative breast cancer curable? If detected early, TNBC can be treated effectively, although recurrence is higher than with other types.
- Is TNBC hereditary? It may be linked to BRCA1 mutations, which are inherited.
- Are there new treatments in development? Yes, clinical trials and immunotherapies are showing promise.
Real-Life Example
Susan, a 35-year-old from California, was diagnosed with TNBC in stage 2. She underwent chemotherapy and a double mastectomy. After two years of remission, she now mentors other women through her online support group.
Conclusion
Triple-negative breast cancer may be a serious diagnosis, but with early detection and comprehensive treatment, many women live healthy, fulfilling lives post-treatment. Stay informed, stay proactive, and never skip your breast health check-ups.
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Your health is your strength. Keep learning, keep screening, and keep living.