What Is a Vaginal Yeast Infection? Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment
A vaginal yeast infection, also known as candidiasis, is a common fungal infection that affects up to 75% of women at least once in their lifetime. While often uncomfortable, it is usually not serious and can be treated effectively with medication or home remedies.
In this guide, we explore the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and preventive tips for vaginal yeast infections to help women maintain optimal vaginal health and reduce recurrence.
What Is a Vaginal Yeast Infection?
A vaginal yeast infection occurs when there is an overgrowth of Candida albicans—a naturally occurring fungus present in the vaginal microbiome. Under normal conditions, Candida coexists harmlessly with other bacteria. However, certain factors can upset this balance and lead to overgrowth, causing symptoms like itching, irritation, and discharge.
Causes of Vaginal Yeast Infections
Several factors can trigger a yeast infection by disrupting the natural balance of yeast and bacteria in the vagina:
- Antibiotic use: Antibiotics can kill beneficial bacteria, allowing yeast to grow unchecked
- Hormonal changes: Menstruation, pregnancy, and hormonal contraceptives can alter the vaginal environment
- Diabetes: High blood sugar levels can promote fungal growth
- Weakened immune system: Individuals with HIV/AIDS or undergoing chemotherapy are more prone
- Tight or non-breathable clothing: Creates moist environments where yeast thrives
- High oestrogen levels: Seen in pregnancy or with certain birth control pills
Symptoms of Vaginal Yeast Infections
The symptoms may vary from mild to moderate and can include:
- Intense vaginal itching or burning
- Thick, white discharge resembling cottage cheese (odourless)
- Redness and swelling of the vulva
- Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia)
- Burning sensation during urination
It’s important to note that similar symptoms can also occur in other vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis or STIs, so proper diagnosis is essential.
How to Diagnose a Yeast Infection
If you suspect a yeast infection, visiting a healthcare provider is the best step. Diagnosis typically involves:
- Review of symptoms and medical history
- Pelvic examination
- Microscopic examination or culture of vaginal discharge
Self-diagnosis is common but not always accurate. Many women mistakenly treat other infections as yeast infections, which can delay appropriate treatment.
Treatment Options for Vaginal Yeast Infections
1. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Treatments
Most mild to moderate yeast infections can be treated using antifungal medications available without a prescription. These include:
- Clotrimazole (Canesten)
- Miconazole (Monistat)
- Tioconazole
These come in the form of creams, suppositories, or vaginal tablets, typically used over 1 to 7 days depending on severity.
2. Prescription Medications
In cases of recurrent infections or when OTC treatments fail, doctors may prescribe:
- Fluconazole (Diflucan) – an oral antifungal tablet
- Extended topical treatments
Always complete the full course of treatment even if symptoms improve early.
3. Home Remedies (With Caution)
Some women find relief through natural remedies, although scientific evidence is limited. Options include:
- Probiotic-rich foods: Yogurt containing live cultures may help restore healthy bacteria
- Coconut oil: Known for antifungal properties (use externally only)
- Boric acid suppositories: Used for recurring infections but must be used under medical supervision
Recurrent Yeast Infections: What You Need to Know
Recurrent yeast infections are defined as having four or more episodes in one year. Common causes include:
- Uncontrolled diabetes
- Overuse of antibiotics
- High oestrogen levels
- Weakened immunity
In such cases, a longer course of antifungal treatment may be recommended, along with lifestyle changes and potential referral to a gynaecologist.
Prevention Tips for Vaginal Yeast Infections
Maintaining vaginal hygiene and avoiding yeast-promoting conditions is key to prevention:
- Wear cotton underwear and avoid tight clothing
- Change out of wet clothing (like swimsuits) promptly
- Avoid scented soaps, douches, and vaginal sprays
- Wipe front to back to prevent transfer of bacteria
- Maintain healthy blood sugar levels if diabetic
- Use antibiotics only when necessary
When to See a Doctor
Consult a healthcare provider if:
- It’s your first suspected yeast infection
- Symptoms are severe or unusual
- You're pregnant
- You have recurrent infections
- OTC treatments don’t work
Yeast Infection vs. Other Vaginal Conditions
Sometimes yeast infections are confused with other vaginal issues. Here's how they differ:
| Condition | Discharge | Other Symptoms |
|---|---|---|
| Yeast Infection | Thick, white, odourless | Itching, redness, burning |
| Bacterial Vaginosis | Thin, grey, fishy smell | Minimal itching |
| Trichomoniasis (STI) | Green/yellow, frothy, odorous | Burning, swelling, discomfort |
Internal Links for Further Reading
- What Is Vaginal Discharge and What Are Its Types?
- Do Stretch Marks Mean You're Fat?
- Explore All Women's Health Articles
FAQs About Vaginal Yeast Infections
Can I have sex if I have a yeast infection?
It's best to avoid sex until the infection clears, as it can cause discomfort and potentially transfer the infection to your partner.
Are yeast infections contagious?
They are not classified as STIs, but in rare cases, they can be transmitted between sexual partners.
Can birth control cause yeast infections?
Hormonal birth control may raise oestrogen levels, potentially increasing yeast overgrowth in some women.
How long does it take for treatment to work?
Most women experience relief within 1 to 3 days, though full recovery may take up to 7 days depending on the treatment used.
Should I use probiotics after a yeast infection?
Probiotics may help restore vaginal flora balance and reduce recurrence. Yogurt or probiotic supplements can be helpful.