Review of the Effects of Cannabis Usage on Fetal Outcomes, Pregnancy, and Reproductive Health
Cannabis is the most commonly used drug in the United States, though it remains illegal under federal law. Worldwide usage is rising in part due to legalization in some areas, increased accessibility, and societal acceptance. Cannabis use has been increasing, especially among individuals of reproductive age. Increased stress and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic may have contributed to this rise in cannabis use.
Biological Effects and Mechanisms
The biological effects of cannabis are mediated through the endocannabinoid system. As early as the fifth gestational week, endocannabinoid receptor expression has been observed in developing fetuses. It has been discovered that the placenta, sperm, and both male and female reproductive tracts all have cannabinoid receptors, suggesting that the endocannabinoid system may play a role in reproduction. Additionally, breast milk has been found to contain delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, which can cross the placenta and be transmitted to the infant during breastfeeding.
Impact on Female Reproductive Health
Cannabis use may affect various aspects of female reproductive health, including:
- Menstrual Cycle: Cannabis use may affect ovulation and menstrual cycle length, potentially leading to changes in hormonal balance and affecting fertility.
- Pregnancy Outcomes: Prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with an increased risk of low birth weight, fetal growth restriction, preterm birth, and developmental issues in offspring.
- Lactation: THC can be transmitted through breast milk, and its effects on breastfeeding infants are not fully understood, though potential risks include developmental and cognitive impairments.
Effects on Male Reproductive Health
While research is more limited, some studies suggest that cannabis use may impact male fertility by affecting sperm count, motility, and morphology. Animal studies have shown that THC exposure can lead to changes in sperm DNA methylation, which may affect fertilization and embryonic development.
Considerations and Recommendations
Given the potential risks associated with cannabis use during pregnancy and its effects on reproductive health, it is advisable for individuals who are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding to avoid cannabis use. Healthcare providers should engage in open discussions with patients about the potential risks and benefits of cannabis use and consider individual circumstances when providing guidance.
For more detailed information, visit Review of the Effects of Cannabis Usage on Fetal Outcomes, Pregnancy, and Reproductive Health.