Common Causes of Heartburn During Pregnancy
Heartburn is a frequent discomfort during pregnancy, particularly in the later stages. Understanding the causes helps expectant individuals manage symptoms and stay comfortable.
Here’s what commonly leads to heartburn in pregnancy, along with safe ways to find relief.
1. Hormonal Changes: Progesterone and Relaxation of the Sphincter
As progesterone levels rise, the smooth muscle including the lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes. This makes it easier for stomach acid to flow back into the oesophagus, causing the classic burning sensation known as heartburn :contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2}.
2. Slowed Digestion and Delayed Gastric Emptying
Pregnancy slows down digestion. Food lingers in the stomach longer, increasing acid production and the risk of reflux. Delayed gastric emptying and small bowel transit contribute significantly to heartburn sufferers in pregnancy :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.
3. Growing Uterus Pressing on the Stomach
As the uterus expands, it exerts pressure on the stomach, which pushes acid upward into the oesophagus—especially during the second and third trimesters. This causes more frequent and intense heartburn symptoms :contentReference[oaicite:4]{index=4}.
4. Dietary Triggers That Worsen Symptoms
Certain foods and drinks can further relax the oesophageal valve or increase acidity. Common triggers include:
- Fatty, greasy or fried foods
- Spicy dishes
- Chocolate and mint
- Citrus fruits, tomato-based products, vinegar
- Caffeinated or carbonated beverages, and alcohol (to be avoided in pregnancy)
Identifying and avoiding personal triggers can significantly ease discomfort :contentReference[oaicite:5]{index=5}.
5. Prior History of Heartburn or GERD
People with pre-existing acid reflux or gastrointestinal reflux disease (GERD) before pregnancy often experience worsened symptoms during pregnancy, as hormonal and physical changes amplify baseline issues :contentReference[oaicite:6]{index=6}.
When Does It Start and How Common Is It?
Heartburn can begin at any stage, though it's often mild during the first trimester. It becomes more prevalent and severe as pregnancy progresses, affecting up to 80 % of pregnant individuals by the third trimester :contentReference[oaicite:7]{index=7}.
Symptoms of Pregnancy Heartburn
Heartburn during pregnancy commonly presents as:
- A burning sensation in the chest or throat
- A sour or bitter taste in the mouth
- Bloating or fullness
- Frequent burping or regurgitation (bringing up food)
Symptoms often worsen after meals, when lying down or bending forwards :contentReference[oaicite:8]{index=8}.
Lifestyle Tips to Reduce Heartburn
Simple changes can offer significant relief:
- Eat small, frequent meals rather than large ones
- Avoid eating 2–3 hours before bed
- Stay upright while eating and for a while after meals
- Elevate the head of the bed by 15–20 cm
- Avoid bending or lifting right after eating
- Wear loose-fitting clothing around the abdomen
These changes are easy to implement and often work well for mild symptoms :contentReference[oaicite:9]{index=9}.
When to Use Medication Safely
If lifestyle changes alone don’t help, certain antacids considered safe in pregnancy include: aluminium‑magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate preparations. These do not cross the placenta and have no known risk of fetal harm :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10}.
If symptoms persist, healthcare providers may recommend safer prescription options such as H₂-blockers (e.g. famotidine) or proton‑pump inhibitors like omeprazole—also considered safe when medically necessary :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11}.
When to Speak to Your Healthcare Provider
Consult your provider if:
- Symptoms are severe or persistent
- Heartburn affects your sleep or quality of life
- Heartburn appears suddenly and late in pregnancy—especially if accompanied by other symptoms like high blood pressure or oedema, which may signal conditions such as preeclampsia
Serious complications like GERD or other rare conditions may require evaluation :contentReference[oaicite:12]{index=12}.
Final Thoughts
Heartburn during pregnancy is common and usually manageable with simple dietary and lifestyle adjustments. Understanding the causes—from hormonal relaxation of the oesophageal sphincter to dietary triggers—can help expectant individuals take action early.
Always consult a healthcare provider if you’re unsure which treatment is safe and effective for you.