Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): What You Need to Know

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects millions of women of reproductive age worldwide. This endocrine disorder disrupts hormonal balance, leading to various physical and emotional symptoms. Understanding PCOS is essential for effective management and overall well-being.

What Is PCOS?

PCOS is a hormonal disorder characterized by:

  • Elevated androgen levels (“male” hormones)
  • Irregular menstrual cycles or absence of periods (amenorrhea)
  • Polycystic ovaries visible via ultrasound

Not all women display all symptoms—PCOS manifests differently in each individual.

Causes & Risk Factors

  • Insulin resistance: High insulin stimulates excess androgen production.
  • Genetics: Family history often plays a role.
  • Inflammation: Low-grade inflammation is common in PCOS women.
  • Obesity: Can worsen insulin resistance and hormonal imbalance.

Common Symptoms

  • Irregular periods, heavy bleeding, or no periods
  • Excess facial/body hair (hirsutism)
  • Acne and oily skin
  • Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
  • Thinning scalp hair (pattern hair loss)
  • Skin darkening (acanthosis nigricans)
  • Infertility or subfertility
  • Mood issues: anxiety, depression, fatigue

Diagnosis

PCOS is diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria (2 of 3):

  1. Oligo‑ or anovulation (irregular/no ovulation)
  2. Clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism
  3. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound (≥12 follicles per ovary)

Your doctor may run tests such as:

  • Hormone panels (LH, FSH, testosterone, prolactin)
  • Thyroid function
  • Blood sugar / insulin levels
  • Lipid profile

Treatment & Management

  • Lifestyle changes: Healthy diet, regular exercise, weight loss (if needed)
  • Medications:
    • Metformin for insulin resistance
    • Oral contraceptives to regulate periods and reduce androgens
    • Anti‑androgens (e.g., spironolactone) for hirsutism/acne
    • Fertility support (letrozole or clomiphene) if trying to conceive
  • Skincare & hair treatments: Dermatology options and hair removal methods
  • Mental health support: Counseling or therapy for mood/anxiety issues
  • Regular monitoring: Track menstrual cycles, metabolic profile, and overall health

Lifestyle Tips to Cope with PCOS

  • Low‑GI diet: Whole grains, lean proteins, vegetables, fruits
  • Regular exercise: 150 minutes/week including cardio + strength training
  • Stress management: Yoga, meditation, sleep hygiene
  • Supplements: Vitamin D, inositol, omega‑3 (consult your doctor)
  • Community: Support groups can offer guidance and emotional support

When to See a Doctor

  • Long-term irregular periods
  • Severe acne, hair loss, or excessive hair growth
  • Trouble conceiving after 6–12 months trying
  • High blood sugar, cholesterol, or blood pressure readings
  • Mood disorders or overwhelming stress

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. Can PCOS go away?

It’s a lifelong condition, but symptoms can be well managed and significantly improved.

Q2. Is weight loss necessary for everyone with PCOS?

Not everyone—but even a modest weight loss (5–10%) can improve symptoms and hormonal balance.

Q3. Does PCOS affect fertility?

Yes, it’s a leading cause of ovulation-related infertility. However, many with PCOS can conceive with medical and lifestyle support.

Q4. Can teens have PCOS?

Yes—it can appear soon after menstruation begins, but diagnosis is more cautious in teenagers.

Further Reading & Resources

Conclusion

PCOS is complex but manageable. A blend of medical care, lifestyle adjustments, and emotional support can help you reclaim your health. If you suspect PCOS, speaking to a healthcare provider is the best first step.

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