Complete Guide: What is Ovarian Cyst?
Ovarian cysts are common fluid-filled sacs that develop on or within a woman’s ovaries. Most ovarian cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and resolve on their own without treatment. However, some may cause complications or symptoms that require medical attention. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ovarian cysts.
What Are Ovarian Cysts?
Ovarian cysts are pockets of fluid or semi-solid material that form on an ovary. They are usually small and harmless, often developing as part of a woman’s menstrual cycle.
Types of Ovarian Cysts
There are several types of ovarian cysts, each with its own characteristics:
- Functional Cysts: The most common type, often developing during ovulation.
- Follicular Cysts: These occur when a follicle fails to release an egg.
- Corpus Luteum Cysts: Formed after a follicle releases an egg and reseals, filling with fluid.
- Dermoid Cysts: Contain tissues like hair, skin, or teeth. Usually non-cancerous.
- Endometriomas: Linked with endometriosis and filled with old menstrual blood.
- Cystadenomas: Develop from ovarian tissue and may contain watery or mucous-like fluid.
Causes of Ovarian Cysts
The causes of ovarian cysts vary depending on the type. Common factors include:
- Hormonal imbalances
- Endometriosis
- Pelvic infections
- Pregnancy (some cysts form in early pregnancy)
- Previous ovarian cysts
Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts
Most ovarian cysts do not cause symptoms. When symptoms occur, they may include:
- Pelvic pain or pressure (especially during periods)
- Bloating or swelling in the abdomen
- Frequent urination or difficulty emptying the bladder
- Pain during intercourse
- Unexplained weight gain
- Menstrual irregularities
When to See a Doctor
You should seek immediate medical attention if you experience:
- Severe or sharp pelvic pain
- Fever or vomiting
- Rapid breathing or dizziness
- Signs of shock (cold, clammy skin)
How Are Ovarian Cysts Diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves:
- Pelvic Exam: A doctor may feel swelling or mass during a manual exam.
- Ultrasound: The most common tool to view the cyst’s size, shape, and location.
- Blood Tests: To rule out cancer (CA-125 test) or detect hormonal imbalances.
- Laparoscopy: A minimally invasive surgery to examine or remove the cyst.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the size, type, and symptoms of the cyst. Common options include:
- Watchful Waiting: Many cysts disappear on their own within a few menstrual cycles.
- Birth Control Pills: Help prevent ovulation and reduce risk of new cysts.
- Surgical Removal: Needed if the cyst is large, painful, or possibly cancerous.
Can Ovarian Cysts Turn Cancerous?
Most ovarian cysts are benign, especially in premenopausal women. However, postmenopausal women have a slightly higher risk of developing ovarian cancer. Regular check-ups and ultrasounds can help monitor any changes.
Preventing Ovarian Cysts
While not all cysts can be prevented, the following tips may help reduce your risk:
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Track your menstrual cycle
- Use hormonal contraceptives if advised by your doctor
- Attend regular pelvic exams
Real-Life Case Example
Sarah, 31, experienced frequent bloating and discomfort. A pelvic ultrasound revealed a 4 cm dermoid cyst. After monitoring, the cyst didn’t shrink, and she opted for laparoscopic surgery. The cyst was benign and removed successfully. She’s now symptom-free.
FAQs
- Can ovarian cysts cause infertility? Some cysts, especially those linked with endometriosis or PCOS, can affect fertility.
- Is surgery always necessary? No, many cysts resolve naturally without intervention.
- Do ovarian cysts recur? Yes, especially in women with hormonal imbalances or PCOS.
Conclusion
Ovarian cysts are a common part of many women’s reproductive health journeys. Most are harmless, but some can cause discomfort or complications. Understanding the symptoms and getting regular check-ups ensures early detection and proper care.
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If you suspect an ovarian cyst or are experiencing symptoms, speak to a gynaecologist. Timely evaluation and treatment can help avoid complications and give you peace of mind.